The Democratic Republic of Congo Essay Example for Free

The Democratic Republic of Congo Essay The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has been characterized by the behavior of her natives, especially in the eastern part, being engaged into selling some of her valuable minerals such as gemstones and gold to other countries via the black markets mostly located at the country’s borders. The stakeholders in this business include the Senegalese, Indian and Chinese clients. Though the smugglers participating in this kind of illegal business are small part-time group of actors, they earn themselves millions of dollars, part of which is hidden in the country’s distressed backwoods. This income has been used to finance the country’s armed groups (Manson, 1). As a result, it has not been so smooth and easy to get to the bottom of the conflict that has over years existed over the Congo’s minerals. Even some of the smugglers testify that because of the sufferings that they have undergone for quite a long period of time, they resolved to this dirty business since they had nothing else they could do. Arguments from lobby groups in the U. K. reported that in order to attain peace in Congo and resettle the millions of displaced citizens, mineral-related conflicts ought to be contained first. However, it has been very challenging to resolves these conflicts because certain hindrances. To begin with, the smuggling routes are untraceable. Despite these pathways being rocky, twisted and on the green hills, there are armed men who demand for cash taxes and other levies such as their imposed in-kind levies. Moreover the mining sites are all through guided majorly by the PARECO, a former militia group (Global Witness, 1). Manufacturers of mobile phones have also been accused for having helped finance these conflicts since these companies have been using metals such as tantalum and tin which are obtained from the processing of the minerals from this country. As a result, these mobile phone companies have been called upon to review their supply chains with the aim of making certain that their tin and tantalum supplies are not from militia-controlled or military units-controlled mines. Thailand based Thailand Smelting and Refining Company (Thaisarco) has been accused for being a manufacturer of the mobile phones that buys ore from a Hutu Militia group, FDLR (Katrina, 1). Thaisarco is owned by Amalgamated Metal Corporation (AMC), a British company In the resolutions by the U. N. , it was highlighted that a measure to freeze the assets and ban the travels for those involved in financing the illegal Congolese armed groups should be taken on worldwide. In order to help hold back the catastrophes associated with the corrupt and illegal exploitation of the Congo’s mineral resources, the international trade system stakeholders have been urged to mend any loopholes so as to end not only this impunity but also avoid environmental abuses, bring to a halt mineral-linked conflicts and more importantly refrain from infringing the Congolese human rights. Furthermore, guideline to enable the tracing of the sources of the minerals should be put forth. Media analysis has helped me understand clearly the causes of the conflicts that are in Congo that are closely linked with the illegal exploitation of the minerals within the country, the contributors of these conflicts and also the prescriptions, from various public views, on how resolutions may be arrived at. This is because the analysis enhances the understanding of raw data from the various view points. It has played a crucial role in helping relate the events that were occurring in DRC. However, media analysis proves to be limiting is some ways. For instance, the information provided is most a times summarized, missing some first hand information. As a result, one is made to believe on the information at hand. Works Cited Global Witness. Metals in Mobile Phones Help Finance Congo Atrocities. February 16, 2009, Viewed August 2, 2010 from http://www. globalwitness. org/media_library_detail. php/718/en/metals_in_mobile_phones_help_finance_congo_atrocities Katrina, M. Groups Says Suing UK Over Congo Conflict Minerals. Times Live, July 26, 2010. Viewd August 2, 2010 from http://www. timeslive. co. za/africa/article570920. ece/Group-says-suing-UK-over-Congo-conflict-minerals Manson, K. Uphill Task to Solve Congo’s Conflict Minerals. Reuters Jul 30, 2010, viewed August 2 2010 from http://uk. reuters. com/article/idUKTRE66T1LR20100730

Essay --

There were many reasons behind the fall of the Roman Empire, however, the economic reasons were the main source of its collapse. The fourth century was the period of time where the economy started to experience problems. During this time period, there were many inequalities between the rich and the poor, decreasing population, the German Barbarians holding Rome for ransom, cutting off their trade networks, inflation, and finally the de-specialization of the economy. Each of these causes were very significant in leading up to the fall of the Roman Empire. Throughout history, in many civilizations, there has always been a gap between the rich and the poor, and the gap between these groups in the Roman Empire was no exception either. The difference between the rich and the poor significantly impacted the status of the economy. For example, in the Roman Empire, the rich could get away with almost everything. They could do it by two methods, they could pay their taxes in small portions so they wouldn’t have to pay them all at once, or they could also simply avoid them by bribing the government, as opposed to the poor which had to pay them all at once. (Hayward, 1958, p. 105) If they did not follow this procedure, they would be punished one way or another. Since the rich were of high status, they could be heard by the government easily, with no possible penalties while the poor were given consequences if they did the same. The gap between the rich also grew wider and wider due to wealthy landowners driving tenant farmers out of their lands and treating those lands as their own. The rich were very important in the status of the economy as well. They could impair the authority of the central government. (Haywood, 1958, p. 104-105... ...etc. Trade was dependent on the status of the government in the Roman Empire. Since the Roman government was really powerful, it restricted some aspects of trade. Along with this, maritime trade was decreasing drastically. There were attacks on ships on the Mediterranean sea, which decreased trade between Rome and other countries. Transport affected the geographic division of labor in the Roman Empire. (Paolilli, 2008, p. 282) The Roman Empire used to be a prosperous place to live in until it started to experience many problems which led its decline. The status of the economy was affected by many reasons including economic inequality between the wealthy and the lower class, inflation, the ransom of Rome with the Germanic Barbarians and finally, the de-specialization of the economy. Rome’s foolish actions along with some outside influence led Rome to its demise.

Dairymilk

ACKNOWLEDGMENT : Firstly I thank Almighty ALLAH for endowing me with heatlh patience . I wish to thanks my parents for their contribution and support towards the I am also Thankfull to Sir Hassan Haroon . with out your help and guidence towards course the report would not be completed . I also show my gratitude to my friends and all who contributed in completing the report Assignment : INTRODUCTION : First people who made chocolate were theMayas and the Aztecs Chocolate played an important role in their social and religious life. Cadbury’s founder is jhon cadburry . adburry started its operation in 1905 ad in birmingham UK . CBM Operates in more then 60 countries and become world largest confectionary company. Its is a largest sealing Choclate in the world as well as in Pakistan also Started operation in india in 1948 Vision: â€Å"Working together to create brands people love† Cadburys mission statement Says simply, ? Cadbury means quality? ; this is our promise. Our r eputation is built upon quality;our commitment to continuous improvement will ensure that our promise Mission Statement 0f the product: The mission statement of our new product is ?To provide our customers with a tempting andexquisite taste? as Enticing Treats means a mouth watering treat which is simply irresistible CONSUMERS VIEW: Customers get sentimental and emotionally attached. We can see that it had really affected the minds and psychology of consumers E. g. -when the company advertised its brand by tag lines â€Å"Aaj Pehli Tarik Hai†, † Kuch Meetha Ho Jaye † and â€Å"Pappu Paas Ho Gaya†. However, the consumers had stopped purchasing the bars for sometime after the worm controversy. Values : -Bring happiness to their costomers -Share happiness Contains more milk then any other chocolate bar -made from the real dark chocolate -AVAILABLE IN 10. 5g, 22g, 95g, 165g & OTHER PREMIUM PACKS SEGMENTING: The purpose of segmentation is to identify and target prime customer groups. Division of consumer market on the basis of: Geographic and Demographic Segmentation. TARGETING: The targeted customers of Dairy Milk have been changing from time to time and advertisement to advertisement. POSITIONING: CDM has positioned itself as synonym for the word chocolate. Chocolates were earlier perceived as a product meant for consumption by children.Since the 1990’s, Cadbury has been endeavouring to position itself as a chocolate for the ‘child within each of us’. Marketing Mix : PRODUCT MIX: Chocolates, Snacks, Beverages, Candies, Gums. PRODUCT LINE: Cadbury Dairy Milk; Cadbury Dairy Milk Wowie Cadbury Dairy Milk Crackle Cadbury Dairy Milk Roasted Almond Cadbury Dairy Milk Fruit and Nut Cadbury Dairy Milk Shots Cadbury Dairy Milk Silk. Price : Place : Place is a term that has a variety of meanings in a dictionary sense, but which is principally used in a geographic sense as a noun to denote location, though in asense of a locatio n identified with that which is located there.In marketing, place refers to one of the 4 P's, defined as â€Å"the market place†. It canmean a geographic location, an industry, a group of people (a segment) to whom acompany wants to sell its products or services, such as young professional women(e. g. for selling cosmetics) or middle-aged family men (e. g. for selling family cars). Cadbury – Place Cadbury is a multinational company and it has its market around the entire world. This can be said just by the first page on its site which asks people to select the place of their choice. Providing 60+ Country Their chocolate Distribution :It is mosly provide to their costomers by Retalers and wholsalers PROMOTION : They concentrate more on tv advertisement their advertisement are always marvelous in advertising they are basically telling to their target market that on what occasion their target marget can or Sould buy Dairy milk Their promotions are also very emotional beca use they attracts emotionally their products if we talk about the comercials like on pass in exam they advertise â€Å"Pappo pas hogya† Targeting the teenagers which passes in exam and celebrate it with Dairy milk by sharing it with friends and family members ..Swot Analysis Strength †¢ Cadbury Schweppes plc is a very profitable organization, generated revenue of more than ? 6,508 billion (2005). †¢ It is a global chocolate brand built upon a reputation for fine products and services. †¢ Cadbury Schweppes plc was one of the Fortune Top 100 Companies to Work For in 2005. The company is a respected employer that values its workforce. †¢ The organization has strong ethical values and an ethical mission statement Weaknesses †¢ Cadbury has a reputation for new product development and creativity.However, they remain vulnerable to the possibility that their innovation may falter over time. †¢ The organization has a strong presence in the United States o f America, UK and India. It is often argued that they need to look for a portfolio of countries, in order to spread business risk. †¢ Cadbury's recall over 1 million chocolate bars over salmonella fears †¢ The organization is dependant on a main competitive advantage, the retail of coffee. This could make them slow to diversify into other sectors should the need arise. The company has no apprehensions of cannibalization of its chocolate brands. Opportunities †¢ Cadbury company is very good at taking advantage of opportunities. †¢ The company has the opportunity to expand its global operations. New markets with new products which are limited in particular region. †¢ Cadbury has decided to focus on a few of its key brands such as Cadbury Dairy Milk, Bournvita, Eclairs and Halls to drive growth for the company. †¢ Co-branding with other manufacturers of food and drink, and brand franchising to manufacturers of other goods and services both have potential

The Body as Image - an Analysis of the Postmodern...

Synopsis, Marketing and Culture The body as image - An analysis of the postmodern characteristics of tattoos in contemporary society Introduction In recent years few terms have been so widely discuss as †postmodernism† in order to define its basic principals. Despite a lack of consensus, most authorities agree that postmodernism represents some kind of reaction to, or departure from, modernism and modernity (Brown 1993). The consumer of the modern society is distinguished by being self-reflexive and rational while the characteristics of the irrational postmodern consumer are hyperreality, fragmentation, reversals of production and consumption, decentring of the subject, paradoxical juxtapositions, and loss of commitment (Firat et†¦show more content†¦The hostility towards generalizations is one of the characteristics of postmodern consumers (Brown 1993). When at work Kim believes it is important to appear clean and presentable which translated into a clothing correlation means dressed in a long-sleeved shirt, but when at private he tends to â€Å"dress-down† for instance wearing leather pants and a T-shirt with his tattoos displayed. The code mixing and switching of style between formal and informal clothes is a strategic masquerade of signs at the intersections of self, society and world (Mick et al, 2004). This could also be describes as a form of self-communication as the tattoos are placed on the body where it can be hidden. â€Å"Several of my private friends also have tattoos, so you could say that I posses two different personalities. I like that I’m free, and someone else, whenever I’m off work†. Here, the style consumption emerges as a creative process of ‘bricolage’ between cultures and differentiation from mainstream marketplace orders (Kjeldgaard 2009) and the tattoo grants members hip of a certain community (Elliot 2004) defined by the communicative discourse of the tattoo. Thus it is not enough to â€Å"purchase† the membership card, the consumer has to maintain their social identity, for the symbol to be perceived accordingly. As theShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesof the Disposable Worker? 35 vii viii CONTENTS 2 2 The Individual Diversity in Organizations 39 Diversity 40 Demographic Characteristics of the U.S. Workforce 41 †¢ Levels of Diversity 42 †¢ Discrimination 42 Biographical Characteristics 44 Age 44 †¢ Sex 46 †¢ Race and Ethnicity 48 †¢ Disability 48 †¢ Other Biographical Characteristics: Tenure, Religion, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity 50 Ability 52 Intellectual Abilities 52 †¢ Physical Abilities 55 †¢ The Role of Disabilities

Suicide Is A Severe Topic In Catcher in The Rye Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 470 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/05/21 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Catcher in The Rye Essay Did you like this example? Tone is an important part of J.D. Salingerrs ability to connect to the reader through Holdenrs voice, while still introducing the reader to more serious topics. Tone can be defined as the attitude the author or speaker has towards his subject. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Suicide Is A Severe Topic In Catcher in The Rye Essay" essay for you Create order In this novel Holdenrs tone of narration and J.D. Salingerrs undertones differ greatly. Holden uses many informal slang words throughout the novel as he speaks to the reader in a very casual way. J.D. Salinger introduces many serious topics through the informal voice of his protagonist, giving the novel a more serious note. Even though Holdenrs tone in The Catcher in the Rye is very informal and sarcastic, J.D. Salingerrs undertones are much more serious. Holdenrs tone as he speaks to the reader is very informal and sarcastic as he discusses his experiences through New York City. In the first sentence of the novel Holden speaks very casually, using many slang words. The first thing youll probably want to know is where I was born, and what my lousy childhood was likeall that David Copperfield kind of crap, but I dont feel like going into it. (Salinger 1). Immediately Holden speaks to the reader using very casual vocabulary, including slang such as his use of lousy and crap. He talks to the reader as if he were having a conversation with them, as he uses the personal pronoun you. Holden frequently uses slang in the novel, he also uses basic non descriptive vocabulary. He often uses goddamn and phony and, dough instead of money, as well as low level non descriptive vocabulary such as like or nice. His non descriptive vocabulary leaves a very casual note in addition to the slang which is sarcastic and informal. Holdenrs tone is informal due to his use of personal pronouns, in addition to simple vocabulary and slang he uses sarcastically. J.D. Salingerrs undertones are more serious unlike his protagonist. J.D. Salinger addresses serious topics through Holdenrs experiences. Finally, what he did instead of taking back what he said, he jumped out the window. (Salinger 170). Suicide is a severe topic, Holden talking about his experiences with it gives J.D. Salinger the ability to talk about suicide in a relatable way, while still informing his readers on the dangers of suicide and depression. Salinger informs the reader through experiences Holden has. Holden is woken up on Mr. Antolinirs couch. Mr. Antolini is patting his head. Holden is immediately frightened by this and, as he leaves Mr. Antolinirs apartment, he mentions this kind of situation has happened to him many times before. J.D. Salinger leaves an impact on the reader as he warns them about perverts through Holdenrs disturbing experiences. J.D. Salinger brings serious undertones to the novel as he talks about suicide, depression and perverts.

Analysis Report On Management Accounting System - 1459 Words

A management accounting system collects accounting information and converts the information to an analysis report in order to help managers make correct decisions and let stakeholders fully understand how the company runs. In another word, the main purpose of the management accounting system is assessing the company’s performance with the help of different measurements. Thus, management accounting system reform should be closely linked to performance measurement. The most traditional way to measure company’s performance is comparing the historical financial figures. However, such measure has been challenged by both academics and practitioners as the dysfunction consequences in assessing rewards for managers and issues in capturing customer quality have been recognized. Under this competitive environment, one traditional performance measurement may not be good enough to fit all the businesses . In order to help businesses measure their performance accurately, the innovations and changes may take place when designing and adopting the management accounting system. Focusing on innovations and changes part firstly, two major schools were introduced to companies. They are the stakeholder approach and shareholder approach, respectively. According to the stakeholder approach, the competition on many dimensions will let the companies realize that theyShow MoreRelatedAccounting (Managerial) 530 Portfolio Case Study978 Words   |  4 PagesAccounting (Managerial) 530 Portfolio Case Study Imagine you are applying to become a trainee in a management consulting company, Solutions Inc., which claims to deliver innovative solutions. They are looking for innovative employees who engage with their work. The selection process will be rigorous. 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Youth Crimes In Melbourne

Question: Write about theYouth Crimes In Melbourne. Answer: This paper is aimed at discussing youth crimes and how these crimes have run of control. Although the article will discuss the juvenile delinquency and how managing it has become difficult, it will mainly focus on youth offenses in Melbourne in Australia. Some of the key areas of discussion will include: The definition of juvenile crimes. Under this section, an analysis of youth crimes will be explicitly discussed. Providing examples of some of the crimes that are considered to be youth crimes. Causes of youth crimes. This section of the paper will highlight some of the reasons that young people indulge into crimes. The reason may range from peer pressure, poor education, attending low schools, coming from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds and also an abuse of drugs. This paper backup with evidence and most especially cases from Melbourne will indicate how all the mentioned factors can affect youths and the impacts of these negative influences. Reasons why the youth crimes have run out of control and the consequences. This section will try to discuss some of the reasons that have resulted in youths crimes becoming so rampant thus raising a call for action. Clearly, the rate at which youth crimes have sparked a need for action so as to contain the situation. Also, some of the consequences will be highlighted. Remedies to youth crimes Regardless of the commonality of this situation, some ways can be employed to mitigate this situation. Therefore, this part of the paper will provide some relevant ways in which youth crimes can be curbed and help the victims. Remedies are usually generated after a critical analysis of the factors leading a condition has properly been looked. This way an efficient strategy package can be formulated so as to curb this situation once and for all. The paper will provide examples of effective remedies. Youth Crimes in Melbourne Youth crimes can be referred to the crimes that have been committed by juvenile offenders. Besides, it may mean a consistent anti-social and illegal behavior by a child at their immature stage to the point that parents cannot contain or correct it. Thus endangering the lives of others in a society and therefore becomes an issue of concern by the law enforcement authorities (Bor, 2004). In old times, it used to refer to behavior by teenagers that were completely inconsistent with the expectations of the society also referred to as an anti-social personality disorder. The teenagers involved in such crimes are normally between the ages of fifteen and eighteen. Some of the examples of violation and offenses committed by youths include: Larceny: This is common in situations such as shoplifting, stealing from people carrying backpacks and on several occasions stealing bicycles. Vandalism: Exemplified in issues such as graffiti and tagging, drawing weird patterns in public washrooms, cutting other people's auto tires and keying cars. Alcohol crimes; You will find underage purchasing and possess alcohol, consume it, give it out to peers of the same age, and to some extent having open contains in cars and public places. Disorderly behavior: This is commonly portrayed in public fights, cursing one's teacher, indecent exposure. Possession of illegal substances such as Marijuana: Commonly spotted in public places when teenagers smoke it or possess it in small amounts in their bags (Collins, 2009). Violation of curfews: When a child sneaks from home after they have been given a curfew or even violating curfew at a park. Criminal trespass: For instance, entering a someones land and vacant building without permission. Fraud: For example, one impersonating another and writing bad checks. Also, frauds committed via email. Possession of unlicensed weapons: Such a gun and metal knuckles without permission from the authorities. Causes of Youth Crimes in Melbourne The rate of youth crime is rapidly growing in the 46 Victorian municipalities and most rampant in Melbourne. The general number of offenses committed by young people in this state is growing fast, and new figures are rising each day. According to statistics provided by Crime Statistics Agency, about 25,636 crimes were committed by young people of age 18 and even more youth in 2016 with the violations including damage to property and theft in most common cases (Collins, 2009). The hotspot of youth crime is the city of Melbourne which records 20.3 percent raise to 1765 offenses. The youth crimes crisis was brought to attention when police made use of capsicum spray on some teenagers who were violent and who rampaged through Melbourne central business district substantially disrupting the Moomba festival that was going on. Some of the factors that contribute to are insufficient education. According to criminology data pertaining juvenile crimes and undereducated children, it clearly shows that there is a healthy relationship. Failure, in early stages, is a crucial factor for forecasting the future criminal behavior of a child (Cunneen, 2011). According to research conducted, showed that those children who had an opportunity to attend high-quality preschools were less likely to develop drug issues or be incarcerated when they are adults. Also, they were 22% less likely to be arrested for any crime in college. On the other hand, children from low-income homes are taken to public schools which are overcrowded and other times lack qualified teachers. Additionally, they lack enough funding for some extras such as textbooks, counselors, and special education (Cunneen, 2011). Some of these factors are the result of the school-to-prison tendencies. The chances and probability of children committing crimes are magnified by their lack of quality education which leads to poor performances and school dropouts. Another common contributor to juvenile delinquency in Melbourne is peer pressure. Adolescence stage is at that stage where a child is growing himself herself and is always seeking acceptance from others. The desire to fit in and be accepted acts a motivation for teens to fall into peer pressure. According to a recent survey, only 10% of young people claimed not to have been influenced by peer pressure (Ferrell, 2004). Even the young people themselves typically attribute peer pressure to be one of the reasons they indulge in risky behaviors. The other cause of youth crimes in Melbourne is substance abuse. This behavior in itself affects cognitive development thus reducing an individuals ability to evaluate risks. When it is combined with other factors, it can be a contributor to committing a crime. Consequences of Youth Crimes and why they have Run Out of Control Child crimes may have adverse effects on the individual who commits it, the family and the society as a whole. It may lead to school dropouts and imprisonment which may affect the education of the culprit (Hemphill, 2006). Besides, the parents or the guardians may be stressed to see the progress of their child, and the society may lack competent workforce and future role models to the younger children Remedies of Youth Crimes After a critical analysis of the factors of that cause crime among the young people have been properly done, and then a strategy package can be formulated to help curb and reduce the number of offenses. Some of the remedies include: Reducing Inequality and Provision of Adequate Education. It is very much possible for the Australian government to reduce inequality by properly utilizing the taxation tools which usually guarantee straightforward implementation. The lives of socially disadvantaged in the society can be made better especially if the minimum wage is increased in the country and reducing food inflation (Muncie, 2005). Additionally, upgrading the standards of public schools. For instance, employing qualified teachers, constructing more schools to curb overcrowding and providing enough funding to enable them access extras such as counselors and textbooks. Offering Moral Guidance Usually, the act of crimes is moral actions. According to criminologist and sociologists, morality ahs great importance in criminal behavior. Therefore, children will tend to learn right from wrong by aping the behavior of the adults they see throughout their lives. Children are proven to suffer moral poverty if the parents and guardians are not close enough so that they can learn. Such a child may be followed by such moral debt up to their adulthood which later begets juvenile (Narayan, 2004). The issue of peer pressure can be curbed by offering proper guidance to these children at all times. Parents instill in children the ability to differentiate between wrong and right hence ability to make personal decisions. As a result, they know who they appreciate who they are and will not attempt do what will get them feel remorseful. Regulation the Availability of Drugs The law enforcement agencies should regulate the availability of drugs so that very few young people get access to them. When a person becomes addicted to drugs, they are unable to function well and therefore are able to finance their expenses on drugs and as a result they steal from others to buy drugs (Windle, 2008). The solution to this addicts should be to be treated and cured rather than be saved from indulging into drug usage. Employment Provision Employment opportunities greatly reduce crime rates (Wyn, 2000). The Australian government can increase these opportunities by prompting the small scale industries by reducing the cost of electricity and offering incentives to curb the high cost of production. Reference List Bor, W., McGee, T.R. and Fagan, A.A., 2004. Early risk factors for adolescent antisocial behaviour: an Australian longitudinal study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38(5), pp.365-372. Collins, J. and Reid, C., 2009. Minority youth, crime, conflict, and belonging in Australia. Journal of International Migration and Integration/Revue de l'integration et de la migration internationale, 10(4), pp.377-391. Cunneen, C. and White, R., 2011. Juvenile justice: Youth and crime in Australia. Oxford University Press. Ferrell, J., Hayward, K., Morrison, W. and Presdee, M. eds., 2004. Cultural criminology unleashed. Routledge. Hemphill, S.A., Toumbourou, J.W., Herrenkohl, T.I., McMorris, B.J. and Catalano, R.F., 2006. The effect of school suspensions and arrests on subsequent adolescent antisocial behavior in Australia and the United States. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(5), pp.736-744. Muncie, J., 2005. The globalization of crime controlthe case of youth and juvenile justice Neo-liberalism, policy convergence and international conventions. Theoretical Criminology, 9(1), pp.35-64. Narayan, P.K. and Smyth*, R., 2004. Crime rates, male youth unemployment and real income in Australia: evidence from Granger causality tests. Applied Economics, 36(18), pp.2079-2095. Windle, J., 2008. The racialisation of African youth in Australia. Social identities, 14(5), pp.553-566. Wyn, J. and White, R., 2000. Negotiating social change: The paradox of youth. Youth Society, 32(2), pp.165-183.