Practical Life Exercises Montessori Free Essay

DMT 104 Practical Life (Assignment One) Montessori in the Absorbent Mind writes that â€Å"the hands are instruments of man’s intelligence†. It is therefore critical that children develop the ability to control and coordinate their hand muscle so that these can come into contact with the environment in intelligent ways. Discuss the principles underlining the practical life exercises and how it fosters independence in children. Introduction A child in the first six years becomes a full member of her particular culture and family group absorbing language, attitudes, manners and values of those in which she comes in daily contact.A child develops properly if they are in an environment full of affection, love, caring and support. They feel comfortable and safe when they find a secure and lovable environment. Children learn according to their abilities. In the first six years of life they do this by imitating those around them. To support this we should provide them a physic al and social environment suitable for them. We should provide the children with the tools they can create by themselves.Children are able to explore, investigate and fulfil the natural curiosity about the world around them. The child's purposes are not to complete the task as much as to construct the self. In addition, Dr Maria Montessori developed her philosophy of education based upon actual observations of children. She said children prefer work than play, and they can only be in their natural self, when their natural self is satisfied through work. It’s also through work they acquire independence, order, the power of concentration and be normalized.Exercises of Practical Life were introduced and were recognized at the very heart of Montessori Education for it provides the opportunity for the child’s development of physical co-ordination, social skills, emotional growth as well as cognitive preparation. Practical Life Activities are the first activities the child i s introduced to within the Montessori environment. These exercises are prepared based on activities children witnesses in their day to day life. That is why children can immediately satisfy their inner needs and desires by mastering these exercises independently.Also Practical Life area allows children to do the things what adults do every day, for example cleaning, dressing or greeting people. As we know that children construct their knowledge by themselves through their life exercises. Motive of Practical Life Exercises Practical Life Curriculum area has four main direct aims; Order, Co-ordination, independence and Concentration. Dr Maria Montessori observed that children need order at a specific sensitive period in their development. I f not provided during this period the opportunity is foregone. A routine is very important as well as a place for everything and everything in its place.This offers the child for orderly self construction. Co-ordination refers to coordinating large and small muscle movements as well as eye-hand co-ordination that reflect the respective development of child’s mental life. In the practical life exercise of Montessori they learns to concentrate, to develop the fine-gross motor skills-i. e. controlling the muscle, to develop language, to develop the mathematical concepts, they will be good in care of environment, they will be good in logical steps and they are ready to complete the cycle of activity.This is will be the good basement for the children not only in the early childhood, but throughout in life. â€Å"If teaching  is to be effective with young children, it must assist them to advance on the way to independence. It must initiate them into those kinds of activities, which they can perform themselves. We must help them to learn how to walk without assistance, to run, to go up and down the stairs, to pick up fallen objects, to dress and undress, to wash themselves, to express their needs, and to attempt to satisfy their desires through their own efforts. All this is part of an education for independence. † – TheDiscovery of the Child by Maria Montessori MM, pg. 56~57 By giving the exercise of practical life in his early years of the child, he goes through a period when he wants to or likes to learn to do all the work he sees the adult doing. At first, he likes to learn the works at home. This age will pass, but if it is used, the child will know how to do everything well in the home environment. He will grow intellectually. It requires real intelligence to run a modern home. The indirect aim of Practical life exercise is to meet the child’s needs, to encourage and facilitate development, and to facilitate the child's adaptation to the world.It is very important that the child is given freedom to do these exercises at a time the child pleases; he should be allowed to try, make mistakes and correct his mistakes by himself without any help. The satisfaction of completing an activity drives the child towards independence. â€Å"Man achieves his independence by making efforts. To be able to do a thing without any help from others: this is independence. If it exists, the child can progress rapidly; if it does not, his progress will be slow† The Absorbent Mind, chapter. XIV, pg 155 The power of Concentration is one of the most calming activities for a child.This is something which is controlled by the child and it challenges his body and his mind. With concentration the child is able to focus on purposeful work. I’ve witnessed to the concentration that my 3 and half year old niece had for folding her little brothers’ nappies. The pile of nappies was two times bigger than her, I thought, she would be bored and leave, but for my amazement after 45 minutes I could see that she has folded all nappies very neatly and have kept one on top of another and was ready to be placed in the drawers. Within the Montessori classroom deep concentration can be acquired through the ‘Silence Game†.To achieve silence requires effort and the attention of the will, and maximum control of self-consciousness of every movement. Montessori thought of the silence lesson as a means for bringing children to this higher level of spiritual awareness. Practical Life Exercises aid the child in his journey towards normalization As a result of learning Practical Life Exercises in the Montessori environment, the child starts to develop confidence, self-esteem, he grow towards independence, mutual aid and co-operation, profound spontaneous concentration, attachment to reality and most importantly child's joy of learning is supreme.All these help the child to lead towards normalization. The normalized children possess a unique character and personality not recognized in young children. Children needs a carefully prepared environment It is important to provide the child an environment to work on activities of their own choice at their own p ace experiencing freedom and self discipline while developing towards independence. Even though materials in Practical Life area are the least standardized, exercises needs to be carefully thought and designed. A prepared environment should consist of purposeful and meaningful materials and properly trained instructors.When preparing materials the teacher needs to consider few principles of the Montessori Practical Life materials which satisfy Childs’ development needs. Firstly she needs to make sure that each material we give the child should have a definite purpose, for an example the mat is laid to mark the area of his workstation, handling the spoon develops child’s skill of spooning which leads to independence. Secondly materials should progress from simple to more complex design and usage. As a preliminary exercise for transferring solid objects we could give the child a spoon and later, it could progress to tweezers, chopsticks.Also it should be designed to prep are the child indirectly for future learning’s such as writing, mathematics and scientific concepts. We prepare the child for wiring by teaching them the pincer grip, using thumb, index and middle fingers to hold objects and by left to right and top to bottom concepts, so that these orders naturally incarnates in the child’s mind. The mathematical concepts such as judgement of capacity and volume, division, calculation and exactness includes in activities of spooning, pouring and sweeping.The activity, transferring water using a sponge gives the child the scientific concept of weight. The child could feel the weight of the sponge defers when the water is absorbed and when the water is released. Dr. Maria Montessori said, â€Å"Each individual should become aware of his own errors. Each should have a means of checking, so that he can tell if he is right or not. † Absorbent Mind, Chapter XXIV, pg 247 So she included the path to perfection, which she called â€Å" the Control of Error† within the materials itself so the child would be able to observe the activity he completes and understand his own mistakes.If a child has finished working on the dressing frame with large buttons, and he can see that buttons has gone through wrong buttonholes or buttoning halfway or seeing only half of the button come up the flap, these would be his control of errors. He has the opportunity to guide himself to correct his own mistakes. â€Å"Never help a child with a task at which he feels he can succeed. †-Maria Montessori. Furthermore when preparing the activity in the Montessori classroom the directress need to make sure that all materials are kept together in a basket or a tray and grouped accordingly to the level of development.The activity should have its unique location and be reachable to the child so that the child could use the materials of their own choice and return the exercise, leading to independence and self-discipline. Also it is important to be providing attractive and clean child friendly and child size materials. Each activity should be limited in quantity. In a Montessori classroom the directress plays a major role. She needs to be properly trained, be a good role model and she should be able to develop and maintain a happy and rewarding teacher-child relationship. The first essential is that the teacher should go thru an inner, spiritual preparation – cultivate certain aptitudes in the moral order. † Her Life and Work, Chapter XVIII, pg 298 The teacher’s prime objectives are to maintain order in the prepared environment, facilitate the development of the child, and encourage independence and self-sufficiency. Practical life activities can be divided into the following 4 categories: Exercises in each of these categories provide the opportunity to do purposeful work and are designed to teach the child life skills, so that they may become confident to do their daily chores at home. Care of the self: includes activities such as hand washing, dressing, and personal hygiene. These activities embody the foundations of self-esteem. The exercises are designed to provide the child skills need for his sole independence. In order to gain independence, the child needs to establish will and discipline in order. The child needs to build himself and learn to take care of himself * Care of the environment: includes activities such as washing chairs, dusting, raking leaves, cooking, feeding animals, watering plants, composting, recycling and job time at the end of the day.These activities promote the beginnings of community awareness and embody the foundations of an ecological ethic. They learn that they are a part of the environment and learn to respect and develop a sense of responsibility towards the environment. Also the child will gradually learn how to gain greater control of his gross motor movements so that he would be able perform more complex tasks later on. Some of th e activities such as washing of a table can be carried out as a group task, which helps the child to be socialized. Social relations and courtesy: Maria Montessori called these exercises Grace and Courtesy. They include developing skills in greeting visitors, participating in a conversation, self-assertion, resolving conflicts, initiating and maintaining friendships. These exercises are focused on developing will power, establish a proper posture, greet people, excuse one and interrupt when necessary. Maria Montessori considers the Social Grace and Courtesy activities as the most important exercises in the practical life curriculum.She felt that when children are first brought into a Montessori classroom, emphasis must be placed on social grace exercises. * Development of Motor Skills: this includes many exercises involving hand/eye coordination, carrying objects, self-expression through movement as well as initiating and inhibiting actions and impulses. The Silence Game is an examp le of a group activity in which children have to restrain impulses to speak or move for a short period of time in order to report on what they may have experienced in the interim.The particular exercise will be appropriate for any particular child will depend on that child’s individual development and interest. ans it is only possible to give a very general indication as to whether an exercise is ‘early’, ‘immediate or ‘later’. So each and every activity indirectly helps them to develop the language, mathematics movements and social awareness. To give an opportunity to exercise and co-ordinate body movement is one of the aims of the exercises of Practical Life activity.Movement is so important for the young children; children need to move. Movement is very important to the child; because it contributes not only for the physical growth also intellectual and spiritual development of the child. â€Å"Through Movement, he acts upon his external en vironment and thus carries out his own personal mission in the world. Movement is not only an impression of the ego but it is an indispensable factor in the development of consciousness, since it is the only real means which places the ego in a clearly defined relationship with external reality. The secret of childhood by Maria Montessori pg-97 Conclusion Practical Life exercises teach children to care for themselves, for others, and for the environment. They involve a wide variety of activities such as carrying objects, walking, polishing, sweeping, dusting, lacing, mainly activities that are done in day to day living. It is divided into four major areas namely: movement, care of self, care of environment, and grace and courtesy.These activities are Montessori’s response to the child’s need for movement, order, independence, among many others; they are basic activities that enable the child to explore his environment and eventually make him one with it. Through practi cal life exercises, he learns to refine his movements, becomes conscious of his body and of what his body can do. He learns how to move and act in a socially accepted manner, thus helping him in his task of adaptation. He learns the ways of social living and becomes comfortable and confident in his society.These exercises also teach the child to complete a task following a step-by-step procedure. This sequential ordering of tasks prepares him for the logical task that awaits him in mathematics. Likewise, activities in these areas are presented in isolation in order to help the child focus his attention only on a particular task. Practical Life Exercises refines movement, providing a foundation in early learning, attitudes and dispositions. Practical life exercises also provide children a sense of accomplishment as they engage in real, meaningful work with tangible results.The familiar home-like environment of the practical life corner allows children to gain independence, order, con centration and confidence as they carry out thoughtfully prepared activities. This leads to normalization. BIBLIOGRAPHY Montessori, Maria, The Discovery of the Child, page 56-57, published 1967 Montessori, Maria, The Absorbent Mind, Chapter XXIV, page 247, published 1967 E. M. Standing, Montessori, Maria, Her Life and Work, Chapter XVIII, page 298, published 1998 Montessori, Maria, The secret of childhood, page 97, published 1966 Montessori, Maria, The Absorbent Mind, Page 155, published 1967

Minimum Alternate Tax

Minimum Alternate Tax * Contributed under income tax * by vakilsearch Taxation on income is a vital source of revenue for our Government. Although Companies have to follow a mind-bogglingly complex procedure, the list of exemptions and deductions is long. As a result, a lot of Companies used these deductions and exemptions and escaped tax liability. While they enjoyed book profits as per their profit and loss accounts (and sometimes even distributed dividend), tax liability as per the Income Tax Act was either nil or negative or insignificant.To counter this â€Å"problem† the government came up with the concept of Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) in the financial year 1997-1998. What is Minimum Alternate Tax? As per section 115 JA of the Income Tax Act, if a company’s taxable income is less than a certain percentage of the booked profits, then by default, that much of the book profits will be considered as taxable income and tax has to be paid on that. The current rate for MAT is 18%, up from 7. 5% in 2001-2002. Since this is a very broad provision, sometime companies who genuinely deserve tax relief get stuck with MAT liability.Hence, a system of MAT credit entitlement was brought in. MAT Credit Under this system, if a company pays Minimum Alternate Tax, then the difference between the tax that would have been payable if there was no MAT and the actual tax paid under MAT regime can be carried forward as a credit and can be set off against any tax in the future that is not under the MAT regime. For example, if a company has a book profit of 10 lakhs and after applying the provisions of Income tax act, arrives at a taxable income of only Rs. 1 lakh, then MAT becomes applicable as 18% of 10 lakhs is 1. lakhs. However, the difference between the tax paid on 1. 8 lakhs and the tax calculation on 1 lakh is carried forward as MAT credit. Say, the next year, a profit of 11 lakhs is booked but this time due to some cost-cutting initiatives, the company calcul ates a taxable income of 6 lakhs. Hence, MAT is not applicable as the taxable income is more than 18%. Here the company can choose to set off their tax liability with the tax credit they have from the last time when they paid MAT. Criticisms As can be easily seen, capital intensive companies like steel & construction etc. ave long been chronic victims of MAT and have lobbied for its removal ever since its inception. A lot of them are yet to encounter a period where they haven’t had to pay MAT. And considering that MAT credit can be carried forward only for a period of ten assessment years at a time, it has led to capital erosion on account of MAT. It is another instance of short-sightedness on the part of the Government; and one among many measures which cripple our global competitiveness for short-term revenue collection. (Contributed to The Hindu Business Line)

Forbidden Island Reflection Paper

Background information Forbidden Island is a visually stunning ‘cooperative' board game. Instead of winning by competing with other players like most games, everyone must work together to win the game. At the beginning Of the term, the class was divided into several small-sized self-management teams that would be responsible to learn how to play Forbidden Island together under minimal supervision. Because this is the team that we will work together on different projects throughout the term, we have introduced ourselves to each other, UT we had very limited knowledge about each other.This would be considered as our first stage of Dustman's stages of group development: forming. There are six members in my team. I will call them by J, B, O, P and K. Based on first impression and very little knowledge about their background, before the game, I had the following perception about the team members: J and B both are Asians, but growing up in Canada. I thought they were rational and ass ertive because they are from JDK/MBA program, and law students are generally considered to have higher level of conscientiousness and emotional debility.P seemed very easy-going and agreeable, because she never showed any objection during our previous conversations. O was comparably quiet during our first meeting, so I made the assumption that she was more introverted. K recently came from India, according to my past experience with my Indian coworkers, who were generally strong-willed, hardworking and assertive; therefore, I presumed that K would have the same characteristics. Throughout our interactions during the game, would gradually realize that have made some typical perception errors, which will be discussed later.None of our team members have played Forbidden Island game before, so our knowledge about the game is close to zero. At the beginning of the Forbidden Island game session, teams were assigned to breakout rooms, which were small and closed rooms, giving us a prison f eeling. Analysis of team behavior For the three-hour session, we only played two rounds. Overall, the game experience with the team was quite pleasant. At the beginning, we spent a few min to set a goal and discuss the strategy.We agreed without raising any objection that our goal is to win the game cooperatively, because we hared the common belief that self-managed teams that demonstrate high group cohesiveness and collective efficacy are more likely to successfully achieve goals and accomplishments. With a common end goal in sight, we strategically started with ensuring we understand the rules. J had watched some Youth videos about how to play the game; thus she had a better understanding about rules. J took the leadership role to explain the rules.J made us grasped the main idea of the rules; however, since majority of us grew up in different countries with different culture background, we were instantly confused with some details of the rules. After struggling with the details f or about ten minutes, proposed to play a test round at novice level first. Everyone admitted that we would understand the rule more easily with hands-on experience. J continued her leadership role to direct the play at the beginning; the individual players permitted this guidance.However, as everyone feels more comfortable with the game and individual role, J easily surrendered the leader role in favor of the group dynamic of mutually shared cooperation among all. Meanwhile, team members' participation level was increased. With a better understanding of the each role's strengths and weakness, every player attempted to utilize their strengths and avoid their weakness in their moves. For each round, the player of the round would ask for an open discussion about the move he/she should take, and then the player would explain his/her decision on moves and ask the rest of the team for agreement.For me, such effective communication ensured that every move we made was towards the same direc tion. It was worth mentioning that B firstly communicated in this manner when professor Karamazov presented in the room, and then everyone else followed his method automatically. As far as am concerned, although Professor Karamazov did not make any verbal comments during her presence, we all felt her power as a professor as she put her hand at the back, this gesture, to me, indicated her Status of leadership, and we therefore inclined to impress her as students; as a result, we started to communicate in a more formal way.Moreover, it was intriguing to see how well the team members played when someone needed retention. The conversation took on an air of empathy for someone who could be taken off the board and everyone spoke on how best to save said player. It was with a shout of jubilation when everyone showed each individual player how to move toward the helicopter pad in order to fly off the island. The game was won and smiles and pats on the back were shared. The test round went o ver very smoothly. I did not sense much of competition among us, rather we were very cooperative and agreeable.Notwithstanding, we enjoyed more healthy competition in the second round and we played the amen more strategically. We increased the difficulty level to Elite for the second round. We started with examining our roles' strengths and the overall situation before making any moves. Although we followed the same effective communication method we used in the first round; I sensed more healthy competition during the discussion. Instead of being agreeable, each of the players competed for their ideas during the discussion.Surprisingly, O and J were the most actively participated in the debate for the best move, since I thought they were introverted and agreeable before. Due to some long abate during the game, the second round took about an hour to finish. If we examine our team success through effectiveness approach, we achieved the goal by winning the game at the end; on the other hand, if we examine the team's success through effectiveness, then suppose we failed to achieve the goal; since the game was designed for thirty minutes for each round, we spent the double time to win.Time as a resource was not utilized. Our team does not really have a leader, we all equally share the responsibly in coordination; however, no one managed to see the overall picture at the end, n this case is we were running overtime. Takeaways Forbidden Island is a well-designed cooperative game that is exciting and tense even when played at the novice level. While the game is simple there is a strategic aspect that keeps it interesting. From this game session, I was able to put some organizational behavior theories into application.I saw our team experienced Dustman's stages of group development. We started from forming stage, where the individual's behavior is driven by a desire to be accepted by the others, and avoid controversy or conflict. Then we next enter terming stage, in wh ich different ideas compete for consideration. Then we came up with one goal and came to a mutual plan for the team at morning stage. Next, we reach the performing stage, where were capable of functioning as a unit as we find ways to get the job done smoothly and effectively without inappropriate conflict or need for external supervision.Overall, I would evaluate the functionality of our team as above average. Even though, clearly there some improvement opportunities lies in increasing team performance efficiency; our team had a high level of collaboration and some lately competition to enlighten some innovative ideas. Team members personalities played an important role in how we enhanced our collaboration. At the beginning I made some typical perception errors, such as stereotypes, selective perception, self-fulfilling prophecy etc.J from JDK/MBA program turned out to be full of emotion, and K from India, instead of have strong opinions, is the most agreeable person on the team, an d O is not introverted at all, according to Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, she would be .NET P type, who is innovative and entrepreneurial. Some important implications for my future repressions career obtained from this game play were, first of all, the real-life manifestations of five different stages of team development.

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Global Organizations and Nation States - Essay Example This essay explores the main part of the neoliberal economic ideology, which forces these countries to follow free-market policies, reduce government intervention, privatization and decreasing the size of the public sector, liberalization, reducing trade barriers, elimination of subsidies, reduced protection of the domestic industries, currency devaluation, and others. Despite the fact that these policies have appeared to be working for many developed countries, evidence shows that it has been disastrous for the poor and third world countries, which actually seek a loan from IMF and World Bank. Critics of these international organizations believe that these organizations are actually Washington controlled and headed by the developed countries of the world. Important here to note is that the United States and other European countries ran out of their resources decades ago. Furthermore, their domestic markets are past the point of saturation and low population growth rates mean that th eir dream for aggressive growth cannot be fulfilled. The only possible way in which they could sustain or even continue their growth is by trying to exploit the resources of the third world countries, which are rich in natural resources but do not have the tools and the expertise to make use of them. International organizations such as International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and World Trade Organization was the clear answer. These organizations, headed and controlled by a few developed countries, allow them to force the third world and underdeveloped countries of the world to open their markets, deprotect their industries, and reduce the government intervention. Important here to note is that in case of a majority of the African and South Asian countries, these policies have never worked.

The Nature of Science Essay Example for Free

The Nature of Science Essay Science plays an important role in development of mankind, its cultural and technological progress. Science helps humanity to understand natural phenomena and biological changes, evolutionary processes and shifts. Science can be defined as a particular way of knowledge and perception of the world and human beings based on historical information, hypotheses and experiments. Biology and Earth Sciences allows researchers to understand the evolution of species, explain natural phenomena and predict possible changes in the Universe. In fact, the revolutionary changes are invariably prompted by contradictions which occur when the previous concepts are applied to particular phenomena, and it is in the attempts to remove these contradictions that the changes are made. Science can be seen as the criterion of truth. Science is logic of discovery as well as of confirmation. Seeking to reconstruct what happened in the past, Biology and Earth Sciences must and do take as data only presently available written reports, and the presently surviving physical remnants of antiquity; and part of the interest of the research lies in its relevance to present and future situations somehow related to those of the past (Gierer 2000). Science is not a self-contained or self-sustaining activity. The most important it is conducted only in a community that has reached a certain level of intellectual development, which involves and implies social organization, culture, art, and religion, as well as philosophy. Biology and Earth Sciences are closely connected with and depend upon historical progress and cultural development of society which determine that main trends and direction in experiments and research. For instance, during the Middle Ages, Biology and Earth Sciences were influenced by inquisition and dominance of theological doctrines while at the end of 17th-18th century these sciences flourished because of new economic conditions and separation of church and the state. These examples show that Biology and Earth Sciences are part of a culture and cannot exist apart from it. For a long time, people supposed that Earth was flat and the stars related directly to the earth. When humans mastered the cosmos (1961), it has opened a new era in scientific discoveries and the evolution of knowledge. A link between culture, society and biology is evident in current analysis of social settings and impact of biological perquisites on humans: â€Å"One way of asserting the relevance of â€Å"biology for understanding human social behavior is to propose that our understanding of human activities can be greatly enhanced by specific consideration of humans as evolved species shaped by processes of natural selection† (Freese et al 233). In Earth Sciences, scientists can achieve control in the laboratory where results are reproducible. In both Biology and Earth Sciences, the course of science may solve the puzzles researchers have encountered in the application of their theories, anomalies and contradictions arise. For instance, â€Å"serious scientific debates about the neo-Darwinist synthesis as the overarching explanation of the origins of our species are, in the larger scheme of things, disagreements over details† (Freese et al 234). Today, Earth scientists argue about the impact of global warming on population and climate change. These research fields are determined by cultural conditions and historical importance for the mankind. In many cases, changes in philosophical and cultural paradigms paralyze the advance of knowledge producing a crisis which is only removed when eventually a revolution occurs in the thinking and practice of scientists with the introduction of a new conceptual scheme (Gierer 2000). In sum, the nature if science is determined by historical, cultural and philosophical paradigms and the discoveries of the scientists made during a particular period of time. Accepting these restraints on his freedom, the scientist secures to himself the protection given by the community of others who accept the same canons of science and scientific knowledge. References Gierer, A. (2000). On Modern Science, Human Cognition and Cultural Diversity.   Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin. Retrieved 20 March 2007 www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Preprints/P137.pdf Freese, J., Li, Jui-Chung Allen, Wade, L.D. (2003). The Potential Relevances of Biology to Social Inquiry. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, pp. 233-235.

Modernism and Postmodernism in Architecture

Modernism and Postmodernism in Architecture INTRODUCTION CONTEXT OF MODERNISM Modernism is a set of cultural or aesthetic styles which associates with the scientific and the artistic movement which started in the decade around the First World War and have dominated among several movement such as cubism, functionalism and surrealism. Sarup, M. (1993). However in architecture, modernism reacts to the dedication of addressing new buildings after the two World Wars such as mass housing of traditional forms and the potential for exploring new conditions of production such as new materials and technology. Le Corbusier and Mies van der Roche were the key influences of modern architecture; they took several cultures and tradition to formulate the notion of modern architecture. Curtis, W. J.R. (2001). Modernist have the idea that architecture should have a result as being functionalistic, positivistic, technocentric, and rationalistic with their building or urban planning. Harvey, D. (1990) page 35. In the World War II, Modernism became popular especially in the United State where it took on a new life by using different technologies such as steel frame and glass curtain walls for constructing skyscrapers and suburban office parks and shopping centers which were cost-effective. Ghirardo, D. (1996). CONTEXT OF POSTMODERNISM Postmodernism is very ambiguous to describe because it has certain elements that relates to modernism. The term originated within artists and critics in the United State in the 1960s and it was distributed in the European and other industrial nations in the 1970s. However postmodernism is an unstable concept of movement within an advance capitalist culture that argue the visual approaches in literary criticism of art, film, fashion and architecture within the political economic social conditions of the late 20th century. It also involves the new relationship between humankind and nature. Ghirardo, D. (1996). Postmodern notion of approaches to architecture derived from modernism ideology of architecture, and it even influences some postmodern architects, this is because of their knowledge from training and also their modern methods of constructions but they also add their new concept to their buildings. Jencks, C. (1988). There are three principles that Robert Sterns article portrays to describe the characteristics of postmodernism, the first characteristic is contextualism, this describes the individual building as always a fragment that represents its environment. The second is allusionism, which emphasise the building of its historical and cultural aspects, and the third is ornamentalism, and this suggests all the walls of the building to have an architectural meaning. (See the work of Robert Stern) Bertens, H. (1995) page 59. Postmodernism has also emerged the classical stage whereby it has influenced certain postmodern architects like Michael Graves, James Stirling, Norman Neuerburg and even Philip Johnsons ATT building (see figure 1). Jenks emphasise that the Free-Style Classicism determines some characteristics of postmodern architecture which started precisely from the 1980s. (See the work of Charles Jencks) Bertens, H. (1995) page 64. CRITICS OF POSTMODERNISM ON MODERNIST NOTION OF ARCHITECTURE David Harvey argues about if postmodernism, for example, represent a radical break with modernism, or is it simply a revolt within modernism against a form of high modernism. Harvey, D. (1990) page 42. This message is to question the architecture of the postmodern movement, Harvey then explains by emphasising that postmodernism has widely identify a break with the modernist conception that planning, designing and development should concentrate on the wide-scale, technologically rational and economically urban plan which should be strict on ideas of design with a functionalist perception of an international style. Harvey, D. (1990). The most influential critic on postmodernism and modernism is Charles Jenks, he portrayed architecture from a linguistic point of view as emphasises in his book The Language of Post-Modern Architecture. Jenks argues that postmodernism architecture is not a break of modernism but however its trying to overcome the ideology of its architecture not by dropping it but by extending the language to a different level into a vernacular and commercial but away from tradition. He listed all the old buildings as which had modern characteristics and named them as the ersatz, however he calls the new building as the social realism. Jencks, C. (1991) page 97. Furthermore he pinpoints the exact date for the death of modern architecture as he mention at 3:32 pm, July 15, 1972 when the Pruitt-Igoe housing project built in 1951 was demolished. Likewise Charles Jenks explores further the idea of the modernist idea within postmodernism architecture, he argues that postmodern architecture is double coded, this suggest that postmodernism is an eclectic mixture of traditional codes with modern ones this shows that modernism is always one of the codes that forms postmodernism so postmodern architecture has evolve from modernism but it must go beyond modern style. Therefore postmodernism is to break completely or drop modernist idea of architecture but has extended it into a different notion. Jenks explores Mies van de Roche who is a modern architect, he argues that the use of steel I- beams for buildings are nasty and brutal and has no purpose for its users or developers so therefore postmodernism has evolve to find solution of improving the upon modernism. Bertens, H. (1995). The indication that modernism architecture is rational and austere is because the restrictions and their influence on traditional forms and concepts which most postmodern architects see as passà ©, however when postmodern architect design they contravene to tradition also when they build their buildings they express it through a modern way by emphasising on a mixture of different styles. Likewise in the description of postmodern architecture Paolo Portoghesi who also criticise postmodernism argues that postmodern is any building that breaks modern constrains of historical styles with vernacular influences. Kolb, D. (1990) page 88. The restriction of modern architecture on historical influences is one of the main challenges of postmodernism. Jean-Francois Lyotard a postmodern critic explains that one characteristics of postmodernism is the transform nature understanding in scientific and computerised society, this has gave them advance knowledge and technology to overcoming and the rational and austere notion of modernism. Sarup, M. (1993). In favour of this, Joseph Fredrick who defended against the International Styles and his own idea of construction explains that modernism in architecture has various characters but its attack was on its style, which inevitably postmodernism has taking over. It is the austereness of modernisms traditional forms which postmodern took the advantage of scientific knowledge to break the historical influences and give freedom for architects to design their building. Larson, M, S. (1993). The division between modern and postmodern is that modern is restricted whereby postmodern has its freedom to design. Furthermore modernist notion of architecture as rational and austere to traditional restriction has not been negated by postmodern but it has interpreted and integrated modernist ideology. However Jencks argue that postmodernism has not become a break or dropped the idea of modernist architecture but it has evolve from modernism, and has notice the understanding of the development of its time so they change the direction and extended its characteristics to suit its era. Portoghesi, P. (1980). Therefore postmodernism is commonly known as the stylistic phenomenon. Ghirardo, D. (1996) page 8 Charles Jenks argues that postmodern buildings in general have made a positive impact in architecture, since the nineteenth century technological construction has made a vast improvement on buildings and has been overly-accurate as with the hand-crafted variety, this and other factors have become the main reason for its break from modernism. Likewise he argues that postmodernism has taking radically from the concept of how to knowledge building space where as modernist to see space as something to be shaped for social purposes, they interpret space as something independent, to be design according to creative aims but not to overreach its traditional influences. An example is Le Corbusiers Domino buildings (see figure 3) which started modernist development of space, however postmodernism reacted to this by looking for solutions to define place instead of abstract spaces and to establish the various ambiguity of spaces rather than the simple, predictable traditional building of moderni st architecture. Jenks, C. (1990). Le Corbusiers domino housing project There are certain features of modernism which have been developed by postmodernist architects, the spatial ideas such as layered and shallow simple spaces of Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier. Postmodernist have developed these aspects into a more new kind of ambiguous space with various complex elements. Jenks, C. (1988). Charles Jencks points out that postmodern architecture have two reasons into significant technological change; the first is the contemporary communications have broken the strong modernist interest of the rational and austere spaces based on function and of social interest. The second is the advance technologies for example computer modelling which has broken away from traditional restraints and permitted the flexibility of designing and constructing. Jenks, C. (1990). Postmodernism has not dropped modernist notion of architecture but it has taking certain elements of it such as space and even some traditional aspects of building and developed it into a more complex style. However it has set freedom from modernist conception that architecture should be austere and reasonable. The advances scientific technology has aided postmodernism to evolve from modernism. Jenks, C. (1988). Michael Graves as a postmodernism architect. Michael Graves was part of the late-modern movement before he left the abstract conception approach to the New York Five in 1977; this group consisted of Peter Eisenman, Richard Meier, Michael Graves, and Charles Gwathmey. They introduce an advance technique of designing with figural element, and this has influenced postmodern architects. Schulz, N. (1990) page 7-8. He then left to join other architects such as Venturi, Moore, and Stern who were involve with the prototype for postmodernism in America. Ghirardo, D. (1996). Graves has become one of most influential architects in postmodernism, his concept of fragments have become significant to postmodernist architects to design their building in a complex and ambiguous style which contradicts the notion of modernism. Graves has also adapted postmodern classicism in architecture such as the Portland Building and the Humana Building (see figure 4 and 5). Grave has taking the traditional forms and styles of classicism and extended into a postmodern approach by introducing classical skyscrapers. Jenks, C. (1988). THE PORTLAND PUBLIC SERVICES BUILDING The Portland building (see figure 4) was a very significant municipal building within its era, which was begun in 1980 in Portland Oregon, this project provoked modernist architects because it was one of the most inspirational building in postmodernism. Powell, K. (1995). The public building is located in the middle of the area whereby it had to have a quality of postmodern landmark, but however his way out was to bring back figural forms to the building to portray the public nature of the context and urban and the internal program. He used the classical style of organisation by dividing the building into three parts; which is the base, body and the top. Bibliography Bauman, Z., 2004. Identity conversation with Benedetto Vecchi. London: Polity Press. KING, D. A., 2004. Spaces of Global Cultures Architecture Urbanism Identity. New York: Routledge. POWELL, K., 1994. Lloyds Building Richard Rogers Partnership ARCHITECTURE IN DETAILS. London: Phaidon. POWELL, K., 1999. Richard Rogers Complete Works Volume One. London: Phaidon. POWELL, K., 2001. Richard Rogers Complete Works Volume Two. London: Phaidon. SIEBERT, H., 2007. The World Economy A global analysis. 3rd edition. New York: Routledge. SILVER, N., 1997. The Making of Beaubourg: A Building Biography of the Centre Pompidou, Paris. (s.n.): MIT Press. SIMAI, M., 1990. GLOBAL POWER STRUCTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND WORLD ECONOMY IN THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY. London: Pinter publishers Limited. STRELITZ, Z., ed., 2005. Tall buildings a strategic design guide. London: RIBA Publishing. VALE, J. L., 2008. Architecture, Power, and National Identity. 2nd edition. New York: Routledge. WOODS, N., ed., 2000. The Political Economy of Globalisation. New York: Palgrave (ANON) Royal exchange luxury shopping and dining.

French Essays La colonisation en Algerie

French Essays La colonisation en Algerie La colonisation en Algà ©rie. Mission civilisatriceou mission exploitative? I. Introduction- Les deux cotà ©s de largument La Franceà ©taient-elle en Algà ©rie pour apporter la chrà ©tientà © et la prospà ©rità © a cetteparcelle du continent africain, ou bien simplement pour exploiter desressources dun pays sans dà ©fense? Ceci est en effet la question. Nous sommeschargà ©s danalyser si cette colonisation, bien quelle fut forcà ©e, avait un butcivilisateur ou destructeur. Cest une question dà ©licate que nous allons tenterde rà ©soudre laide de faits historiques, opinions dhistoriens et dephilosophes, ainsi qua laide du point de vu de recul que nous avons obtenu auvingt et unià ¨me sià ¨cle. II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bref historique Il est important,tout dabord, de se remà ©morer certains faits historiques. La conquà ªte delAlgà ©rie dà ©buta en 1830 par le roi Charles X pour raisons de piraterie. Cenà ©tait pas une invasion objective et sans provocation comme celle, parexemple, des Amà ©riques par les Espagnols et de lInde par les Anglais. Apres lapremià ¨re expà ©dition punitive qui ne fut chargà © que de se saisir les zonescà ´tià ¨res, la France se rendit vite conte des ressources prà ©cieuses quoffraitce nouveau territoire et la situation fut irrà ©mà ©diablement changà ©e. Apres prà ¨sde quarante ans de batailles, les diffà ©rents gouvernements locaux du territoirealgà ©rien se montrà ¨rent favorables a une assimilation partielle. Cest alors quecommena la colonisation de lAlgà ©rie par la France, un expansionnisme qui nesacheva quen juillet 1962. Ce fut une occupation mouvementà ©e, secouà ©e pardeux guerres mondiales et une guerre civile entre les colonisateurs et leurscolonisà ©s. Un pays maintenant autonome et modern, lAlgà ©rie fut nà ©anmoins unpays contrà ´là © par de nombreux mouvements terroristes, surtout dans les annà ©escinquante, qui se dissolurent rà ©cemment aprà ¨s de longs pourparlers. Nous avonsdonc un pays moderne mais avec une histoire complexe, un exempleparticulià ¨rement intà ©ressant de colonisation ambiguÃÆ' « par un pouvoir europà ©en. III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Une mission civilisatrice Tous pays colonisateurs a travers les sià ¨cles occupà ¨rentdes pays à ©trangers en professant un but trà ¨s clair; apporter la civilisation aubarbares. Mà ªme si de, nos jours, nous pouvons analyser les intentions derrià ¨reces excuses, les progrà ¨s en mesure dà ©ducation, dorganisation gouvernementaleet de dà ©veloppements à ©conomiques et culturels sont indà ©niables. Quelques lignesdans les carnets personnels de Victor Hugo lui-mà ªme, sous la monarchie dejuillet, le font apparaà ®tre comme ferme partisan de la colonisation  ; ,Lacolonisation militaire doit couvrir et envelopper la colonisation civile commela muraille couvre et enveloppe la cità ©. La colonisation militaire, cest unemuraille vivante. Quel meilleur obstacle continu quun camp franais? Mettez lesoldat en avant du colon comme vous mettez un fer au bout dune lance . Considà ©rons donc tout dabord les effets positifs de lacolonisation franaise en Algà ©rie, les aspects civilisateurs de cette missionqui permirent un pays aussi grand de se dà ©velopper et de devenir un pouvoirà ©mancipà © et moderne dans le contexte politique actuel. Premià ¨rement, la Francedivisa lAlgà ©rie en provinces et en communes, instaurant la structure à ©laborà ©epour la France par Napolà ©on, organisant le pays pour une meilleure rà ©gence.Ceci unifia en un à ©norme territoire un pays qui, jusqualors, ne fut quuneagglomà ©ration confuse de tribus qui ne communiquaient pas entre elles, quinavaient pas didentità © nationale. Un dà ©veloppement à ©conomique accà ©là ©rà © fut à ©galement unaspect de la colonisation qui profite lAlgà ©rie moderne. Loccupation franaisepermis de fortifier le pays à ©conomiquement en à ©duquant, comme le systà ¨medà ©ducation franais  lavait fait en Tunisie et au Maroc, une partie de lapopulation pour des formations dà ©ducateurs et dingà ©nieurs. Cette classeà ©duquà ©e pu, aprà ¨s lindà ©pendance, continuer lextension à ©conomique de leurpays. Le pays pris connaissance de ses ressources naturelles et desdispositions furent prises pour les exploiter. La langue officielle à ©tait lArabe mais la languediplomatique vite devint le Franais. La loi du 26 avril 1968 aprà ¨slindà ©pendance rendue la connaissance de lArabe obligatoire pour lesfonctionnaires. Daprà ¨s le Cite du Continent Africain, aujourdhui, la majorità ©des Algà ©riens sont arabophones dans une proportion de 72%, mais cette pà ©riodedoccupation permis bel et bien au peuple algà ©rien de devenir bilingue. De pairavec linsertion de la langue franaise, la colonisation de LAfrique du Nordpar la France permis le dà ©veloppement dune culture franco-algà ©rienne unique.Là ©ducation francophone eue un autre aspect positif dans le dà ©veloppement de laconscience algà ©rienne vis a vis du reste du monde les notions de peuple,didentità © et de nationalisme qui, ultimement, servirent la libà ©ration delAlgà ©rie, furent inculquà ©es aux enfants algà ©riens qui devirent la gà ©nà ©rationindà ©pendantiste. IV. Une mission exploitative Nous allons maintenant examiner les aspects exploitatifs dela colonisation algà ©rienne par la France, car mà ªme aprà ¨s lexposition desaspects civilisateurs de cet impà ©rialisme, il est impossible dignorer lesprofonds changements nà ©gatifs quapportà ¨rent la conquà ªte franaise nonseulement à ©conomiquement, mais à ©galement concernant le mode de vie algà ©rien. Comme lexplique tout dabord Mohammed Harbi danslinterview   LAlgà ©rie malade de son passà ©?  , non seulement lespetites tribus rurales algà ©riennes on perdu leur richesse culturelle pour causede la colonisation franaise, mais la reconstruction du pays fut rà ©servà ©e a uneà ©lite culturelle blanche  ;   Les relations tribales ont à ©tà © brisà ©es,les ruraux ont perdu leur identità © et leur richesse. Par ailleurs, a ladiffà ©rence de ce qui sest passà © en Tunisie et au Maroc, la France limitalà ©mergence de cadres pouvant reprà ©senter là ©gitimement  la socià ©tà ©.   Nous voyons ainsile dà ©veloppement inexorable dà ¨s 1830 de la pauvretà © des indigà ¨nescomparà ©e la prospà ©rità © presque illimità ©e des colonisateurs. Mà ªme aprà ¨slindà ©pendance en 1962, cest une à ©lite algà ©rienne, exclusivement citadine,à ©duquà ©e le plus souvent a Paris qui, une fois de plus, dirigea le pays audà ©triment des minorità ©s ethniques du s ud du pays. Similairement, pendant queles franais et autres europà ©ens   occupaient les villes et les meilleuresterres, disposaient dà ©coles, de routes et de services publics efficaces,lAlgà ©rie musulmane habitait les bidonvilles   et devaient se satisfairedes moins bonnes terres ainsi que de pires emplois au service de leurscolonisateurs. Nous savons ceci daprà ¨s les faits historiques, mais il estaussi vrais que certains colons traità ¨rent leurs ouvriers algà ©riens dignementet avec respects. Ces franais qui virent dinstaller en Algà ©rie avec leurfamille et refusà ¨rent de quitter leurs terres avant et mà ªme aprà ¨s la guerrecivile furent souvent rituellement massacres. De plus, la situation politique est restà ©e trà ¨s tendue etviolente aprà ¨s lindà ©pendance. Les historiens et philosophes actuels, commeGeorges Hardy dans son livre Histoire Sociale de la colonisation franaise,ne cessent de se demander si lAlgà ©rie a tellement lhabitude de se battrecontre des forces doccupations quelle ne sait pas sarrà ªter. La colonisationa t-elle laissà © derrià ¨re elle un là ¨gue de violence? Les partis nationalistes duFLN (Front de Libà ©ration Nationale) et de lUDMA (Union Dà ©mocratique duManifeste Algà ©rien) furent trà ¨s actifs entre 1954 et 1999, dà ©chirant le paysavec de conflits politiques dans lesquelles les France ne pouvait là ©gitimementprendre parti ou se mà ªler. La France imposa en 1887 a LAlgà ©rie, ainsi qua toutes sescolonies, le Code de lIndigà ©nat. Daprà ¨s Fà ©licien Callaye dans Le livrenoir du colonialisme, le code dà ©pouillait les colonisà ©s franais de leurslibertà ©s, linterdiction de circuler la nuit par exemple. Ce code distinguaitaussi deux catà ©gories de citoyens; ceux de souche et les sujets. De mà ªme,nous avons en effet dà ©j commentà © sur le fait que la langue franaise devint lalangue officielle, poussant ainsi tout algà ©rien a devenir bilingue, mains nousnavons pas encore observà © que cette langue devint quasi-exclusive danslAdministration, lenseignement ainsi que laffichage. Une loi franaise en1938 dà ©clara mà ªme lArabe comme à ©tant une langue à ©trangà ¨re en Algà ©rie. Ceci estun exemple classique dimposition de culture. Le dernier cas dexploitation, et peu à ªtre le plus connucar il est le plus rà ©cent, fut le recrutement dindigà ¨nes en masse pendant lesPremià ¨re de Deuxià ¨me Guerres Mondiales.   Lors de la Premià ¨re Guerremondiale, le recrutement indigà ¨ne fournit 173 000 militaires Au mà ªme moment,quelque 119 000   travailleurs   Algà ©riens vinrent travailler enmà ©tropole  .Pour la seconde guerre mondiale, plus de douze mille soldats algà ©riens durenttuer pour la France. Ce pays fut appelà © soutenir un combat qui nà ©tait pasmoralement le sien. Il est incroyable que, aprà ¨s tout cela, le General deGaulle du se battre pour faire comprendre aux dirigeants et au peuple franaisque lAlgà ©rie mà ©ritait son indà ©pendance. Les bà ©nà ©fices de la colonisation pour la France jusqulindà ©pendance furent à ©normes. LAlgà ©rie disposait et dispose dailleurstoujours de ressources naturelles exceptionnelles: elle est au cinquià ¨me rangdes rà ©serves mondiales de gaz naturel et possà ¨de à ©galement des grandes rà ©servesde pà ©trole. Le dà ©veloppement industriel du pays facilita lextraction de cesressources, ainsi que la facilite dobtenir de la main d-uvre payà ©e dessalaires exploitants. Daprà ¨s Gille Manceron dans sont livre Marianne et lesColonies, mà ªme les intellectuels et politiciens franais se montrà ¨rentcomplices en gardant le silence  ;   Sous la monarchie de Juillet, lesdà ©nonciations de la conquà ªte de LAlgà ©rie apparaissent assez isolà ©es. On trouveparfois une certaine rà ©probation de la violence coloniale chez les responsablesde lopposition dà ©mocrate, mais la plupart dentre eux se rallient tacitementou explicitement au projet colonial.   V. Conclusion: une mission largement exploitative Nous savons maintenant toute là ©tendue des barbarismesopà ©rà ©s pendant la guerre dAlgà ©rie par les soldats franais qui, en grandepartie, avaient reu des ordres directs de leurs gà ©nà ©raux. Les documentssecrets retenus pas la Dà ©fense Nationale viennent rà ©cemment dà ªtre renduspubliques aprà ¨s leurs cinquante ans mandataires. La prolifà ©ration de la torturede 1954 a 1962 reprà ©sente pour beaucoup lultime recours de la France pourexploiter, une dernià ¨re fois, les ressources algà ©riennes. Ceci à ©choua. Maispour beaucoup cette exploitation nest pas finie. Le gouvernement actuel dirigà ©par Abdelaziz Bouteflika rà ©Ãƒ ©lu en avril 2004 avec le soutient de Jaques Chiracest considà ©rà ©, par une grande partie de la communautà © politique nationale etinternationale, davoir truquà © les à ©lections prà ©sidentielles. La dominancedune minorità © soutenue par la France est aussi considà ©rer comme à ªtre largementresponsable de la dà ©sastreuse à ©co nomie actuelle. Louis Agooun du Croquantdà ©crit a comme   laccaparement dun pays par une minorità ©parasite. Bibliographie Agooun, Louis, LeCroquant, n  44-45, dà ©cembre 2004   Algà ©rie, la colonisationrecommencà ©e   http://www.algerie-dz.com/article1480.html. (21 janvier2005) Algà ©rie   Rà ©publique algà ©rienne dà ©mocratique et populaire.http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/algerie.htm (10 mars 2005) Bouche, Denise, Histoire de la Colonisation franaise Tome: Flux etreflux 1815-1962, Tome 2 (Paris: Fayard, 1991) Callaye, Fà ©licien, Le livre noir du colonialisme: Souvenirs sur lacolonisation (Paris: Nuits Rouges, 1998) Charles Andrà ©, Julien, Histoire contemporaine: La conquà ªte et lesdà ©buts de la colonisation 1827-1871, Tome 1 (Paris: P.U.F., 1964) Hardy, Georges, 1884- Histoire Sociale de la Colonisation Franaise(Paris: Larose, 1953) Histoire de LAlgà ©rie   Le site du continent africain.http://www.africa-onweb.com/pays/algerie/histoire.htm. (10 mars 2005) Hugo, Victor, Oeuvres Complà ¨tes, vol. Ocà ©an(Paris  : Robert Laffont, 1985) Liauzu, Claude, Liauzu, Josette, Quand on chantait les colonies:colonisation et culture populaire de 1830 a nos jours (Paris: Syllepse,2002) Manceron, Gilles, Marianne et les Colonies, une introduction aLHistorie coloniale de la France (Paris: Editions La Dà ©couverte, 2003) The Concise Oxford French Dictionary, ed.by Abel Chevally (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1934) Tolotti, Sandrine,   LAlgà ©rie malade de son passà ©? Entretien avecMohammed Harbi et Ahmed Dahmani   La Tribune, 17 mars 2004

family culture Essay -- essays research, family values

Often times when we hear the word culture, we think of the differences of different countries. That statement may be true; however, there are different cultures within the same country, even within the same city. No matter what culture we call our own, there are distinct differences between that of other cultures around us. One of the major differences occurs in the realm of family; family affection to be more specific. When talking about family affection, we should consider many different aspects. It was my task and privilege to explore these aspects. I consider myself having a strong American culture. My family has been here for many years and has adopted the â€Å"American Way†. After being born and raised in Wisconsin, I now spend my summers in Hawaii with my relatives. Despite my being away from my family for the summers, my family and I are very close to all of our relatives, and family affection is a daily occurrence. I recently interviewed Teresa Tran, a student at the University of Minnesota – Twin Cities. Teresa was born and raised in Minnesota â€Å"after [her] parents emigrated from Vietnam. When [her] parents came to the United States, they brought with them their Vietnamese culture. [She] grew up in a culture mixed with mainly Vietnamese and some American from [her] surroundings.† Even though we have different cultures, we have both differences and similarities in our family affection. The first aspect that I explored was by which medians affection is portrayed in the family. When looking at my own culture, my family and I show affection verbally, through gestures and through voice tones. For example, every night before I go to bed, I give both of my parents hugs, and occasionally kisses, and I always tell them that I love them. As far as tonal affection goes, by not raising our voices at one another we are showing affection in a small way. We still fight, but instead of yelling, we choose words carefully and try to show our point of view without putting down the other person. One last way that we show affection is simply by remembering important dates, like mothers’ day, fathers’ day, birthdays, and anniversaries. Teresa’s Culture differs very much from my own when comparing family affection. The differences come in all of the medians in which to show affection. â€Å"Affection towards my family members is rare,† says Teresa, which is t he biggest differ... ...through hugs and kisses and so on. I think as long as you know that you care about each other, it is enough. So I guess my family ‘affection’ does not fit in to society’s view of what affection should be.† Family affection is a big difference throughout cultures. The many aspects of affection, how it is shown, how people react, public versus private, face value, family versus friends, and family versus society, account for the many differences that are present. No matter what the differences are, I believe that each family member knows that they care about each other and are cared for themselves. I believe that my relationship with my family is excellent. I love them all very much and I let them know it time and time again. However, people do not have to be a part of my culture to feel as I do. Take Teresa for example. Our cultures are very different, but in the end, it comes down to how you feel about your family and how your family feels about you. As for Teresa, â€Å"My relationship with my family is very good. We have our own privacy yet know that we have each other. We make each other laugh, scream, sometimes swear, and even throw tantrums. However, in the end, we are happy.â₠¬ 

The Unlikely Heros of Antony and Cleopatra Essay -- Antony Cleopatra E

The Unlikely Heros of Antony and Cleopatra    In Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra the two eponymous heroes, and lovers frequently contend with each other in a battle of words and wills. It is from these conflicts, that the reader learns most about each characters true nature. From the start of the play Antony is portrayed as a ruler who has lost his desire for dominance, a ruler who has lost his rigid loyalty to his empire, but instead has found his lover - Cleopatra. From the outset we have many reasons to dislike this influenced hero, yet as we find ourselves captivated in a play of conflicts, loyalty and war, he eventually wins our admiration.    Antony is a character that has lost many of the fine qualities he once possessed. Love strips Antony of the things he has previously valued: power, ambition, honour, integrity as a soldier and leader. Throughout the play Antonys diminish is clearly shown by his actions, as Cleopatra gradually influences him.    Primarily Antonys new disloyalty to his country and the triumvirate is a reason we di...

“A Pair of Silk Stockings” and “The Wagner Matinee

A Pair of Silk Stockings† and â€Å"A Wagner Matinee† and â€Å"The These two novels have a lot in common. Each of them has its own storyline but each seems to discuss the same topic and have the same meaning. Woman in that time were greatly underrepresented ad were unable to do a lot of things that they wanted to do in their life. They were expected to be nothing more than mothers and wives. Each of these novels portrays something more, and how they were able to enjoy themselves outside of family life.In the novel â€Å"A pair Of Silk Stockings† Mrs.. Somers splurges a little bit even though it goes against all the responsibilities she has as a mother and wife, she does something for herself. In â€Å"A Wagner Matinee† Aunt Georgian has gotten into the habit, the same as Mrs.. Somers, of just being a wife and a mother. The story shows a time when Georgian was able to be herself before she had kids and gained responsibility for them, a time where she loved music and to create music.She is able to relive that in the story because f her nephew and what he did for her by taking her to the musical even if it seemed she wasn't interested. Looking at the two and comparing them you see two woman who have forgotten what it is like to do things for themselves, who have focused so much of their energy on being a wife and a mother that they cannot remember spending time and money on themselves. In this time period that each of them take place in it must have been hard to care for a family and it must have taken a lot of energy, each lady got the opportunity.

Diesel Marketing Mix Essay

Introduction This essay on Marketing mix is worth 30% of my Marketing module, I am going to construct a report to analyze the marketing mix of a company. The company that I chose to do is Diesel, They are an international clothing company ranging from women’s wear, men’s wear to accessories, and I am going to look at Product, Price, Place and Promotion While doing this project I am going to research the Diesel company using the Internet, I am going to look at websites such as www.diesel.com, www.wikipedia.com and any other sites I come across that will help me with information on the company. I will then construct the essay using Google docs and Microsoft word. Company background Beginning as a company focused on making quality clothing, Diesel has become part of the youth culture worldwide. Diesel is an innovative international design company, producing a wide-ranging collection of jeans, clothing and accessories. Diesel is a leader in pioneering new styles, fabrics, manufacturing methods and quality control to guarantee an outstanding product. The company is present in over 80 countries with over 5,000 points of sale and more than 300 monobrand stores (200 of which are company-owned and the rest in partnership with local distributors). When Renzo Rosso founded the company in 1978, he wanted it to be a leader, a company that  took chances and carved out a niche for itself in its field. He surrounded himself with creative, talented people – innovators who, like him, rejected the slavish trend following typical of the fashion industry. He wanted to create the most dynamic and imaginative product available anywhere: he gave his open minded design team broad stylistic freedom, and their mission was to create an apparel line perfect for independent people who follow their own unique path in life and for those style-makers who express their individuality by the way they dress. From the very beginning, Diesel’s design team, headed by Creative Director Wilbert Das, turned their backs on the style-dictators and consumer forecasters of the fashion establishment and let their own personal tastes lead them. The company views the world as a single, border-less macro-culture, and the Diesel staff reflects this: a cosmopolitan team that creates an unpredictable, dynamic vitality and energy within the company. Diesel â€Å"people† and their working methods are so unconventional, albeit productive, that they have been profiled in countless media, and have been studied by international consulting organizations and un iversities. www.diesel.com Marketing mix The Marketing Mix is one of the most famous business tools in marketing. The Marketing mix has four elements called the four Ps which are Product, Price, Place and Promotion and is often crucial when determining a product or brand’s unique selling point Some commentators will increase the marketing mix to the ‘five Ps’, to include people. Others will increase the mix to ‘Seven Ps’, to include physical evidence (such as uniforms, facilities, or livery) and process (i.e. the whole customer experience eg a visit to Disney World). The term â€Å"marketing mix† was coined in 1953 by Neil Borden in his American Marketing Association presidential address. However, this was actually a reformulation of an earlier idea by his associate, James Culliton, who in 1948 described the role of the marketing manager as a â€Å"mixer of ingredients†. The term became popular in the article written by Neil Borden called â€Å"The Concept of the Marketing Mix .† He started teaching  the term after he learned about it with an associate Product Since 1575, the word â€Å"product† has referred to anything produced since 1695; the word has referred to â€Å"thing or things produced†. In marketing, a product is anything that can be offered to a market that might satisfy a want or need. This includes physical objects, services, people, places, organizations and ideas. Products should meet the needs of the market Products have 4 levels: 1. Core level 2. Actual 3. Augmented product level 4. Potential product level Product Classification I would put the brand Diesel under the product classification Durable Goods. Diesel Goods are a bit more expensive than other brands but are designed to last longer. Product life cycle The stages that products go through from development to withdrawal from the market. Stages in the Product Life Cycle Products tend to go through five stages: 1. New product development stage 2. Market introduction stage 3. Growth stage 4. Mature stage 5. Decline or Stability stage I would say most of the collections at Diesel are at the growth or Maturity Stage They are always trying to keep on top and introduce new lines often. Diesel Introduced the line Black and Gold in February 2008 at new York fashion week Since the brand comes from Italy, the owners thought that a great extension for a clothing brand would be wine. The problem is that wine drinkers are very particular about the wine that they drink, and many wine enthusiasts look skeptically at a clothing company releasing its own brand of wine. The wine could be the best in the world, but because of the label attached to it and the feeling that anything but a world-class winery will do, it is doomed to fail. While an Italian company going into wine is not that out of the ordinary, a clothing company starting to sell liquor is. Deisel also wanted to break into formal wear to be on par with the likes of Ralph Lauren but after years of being a casual durable brand formal wear just didn’t kick off. http://faculty.insead.edu/chandon/personal_page/Documents/Case_Diesel%202007_corrected-w.pdf Branding Definition: The marketing practice of creating a name, symbol or design that identifies and differentiates a product from other products Branding is the process involved in creating a unique name and image for a product in  the consumers’ mind, mainly through advertising campaigns with a consistent theme. Branding aims to establish a significant and differentiated presence in the market that attracts and retains loyal customers. Before the introduction of StyleLab in 1998, the brand portfolio of Diesel SpA consisted of three main product lines: D-Diesel (including licenses), Diesel Kids and 55DSL (The brands and some of their logos are shown in Exhibit 6). Most of its production was outsourced to small and medium-sized companies, whereas design and marketing remained in-house. Brand Identity Diesel’s management team emphasized that D-Diesel and StyleLab should have distinct brand identities but with some common roots. Both brands shared values such as freedom, global outlook, creativity and thoughtfulness. Nevertheless, whereas D-Diesel stood for irony and irreverence, StyleLab stood for sophistication and mystery. Of course, the products themselves were quite different: Diesel focusing on denim while StyleLab experimented with a variety of innovative fabrics. Packaging Diesel Keep their packaging simple enough, for their clothes they are wrapped in a clear plastic bag with the word deisel in Black written on it, and then they are put into a mostly white parer bag with again the brand written in Black Block letters, For Deisel fragrances they are always very well packaged in a nice box and always have some kind of accessories free with them, usually attached to the bottle (like seen below in the image) .Usually their wallets and other sunglasses are packaged in a cream coloured box, With Diesel Logo written in light Brown on the box, with tissue paper inside. Their products always have a brown cardboard tag attached. Price Definition of Price Pricing is an integral part of a marketing strategy as it is the only one of the 4 P’s that generates revenue for the firm. Price is commonly used as a strategic weapon between competitors and plays an important role in shaping  customers perceptions of the products value and quality. Pricing will be determined by other elements in the marketing mix Price should be consistent with other elements. Diesel uses premium pricing because the price needs to reflect the value of the lifestyle experience of the brand. The people at Diesel are in tune with that lifestyle and promote what Diesel represents. Pricing Strategies Pricing strategy refers to method companies use to price their products or services. Almost all companies, large or small, base the price of their products and services on production, labor and advertising expenses and then add on a certain percentage so they can make a profit. There are several different pricing strategies, such as penetration pricing, price skimming, discount pricing, product life cycle pricing and even competitive pricing. Diesel uses a model based on premium pricing. You do not pay a premium price for Diesel jeans because they are a premium quality, that is taken for granted, You pay a premium price because the jeans and the brand fit in with and even encourage a premium, dynamic lifestyle built â€Å"for successful living†, as Diesel would say. This allows the company to price those products in a way which complements and neatly fits into that lifestyle. A strategy such as penetration pricing used by businesses making high-volume, relatively low-margin products would be inappropriate as it would undermine the quality association thus devaluing the brand and experience. From researching the price discrepancies of the Diesel brand I have found a few differences in pricing online, Firstly I looked at the Diesel online shopping website www.store.diesel.com and then compared the prices to other online sites that sell Diesel clothing, such as www.mandmdirect.com and www.asos.com . The first difference I found was at asos.com they were selling a Mens Diesel T-shirt for â‚ ¬55.00, the exact same T-shirt was on sale at the Diesel website for â‚ ¬60.00 making it â‚ ¬5 more expensive. The second website I looked at was mandmdirect.com, here I found huge differences in price as you can see from my print screens below, the same Mens T-shirt was selling for â‚ ¬45.00 at the diesel website and â‚ ¬24.99 on the mandmdirect.com, making the T-shirt â‚ ¬20 cheaper at mandmdirect.com. I also looked at womens clothes on mandmdirect.com and found the same jeans for â‚ ¬34.99 on mandm and sellinf for â‚ ¬135.00 at Diesel, thus making the jeans â‚ ¬100 less at mandmdirect.com. Also I tool a look at some americian websites(www.blufly.com & www.revolveclothing.com ) to determine weather it is cheaper to buy Diesel Jeans in the usa and by using the currency  converter on goolge, it appears that there would be no difference in the price of a pair of Diesel jeans here or abroad. â‚ ¬55 asos â‚ ¬60 diesel.com Pricing Methods I think Diesel would use perceived value pricing which means They price their items based on the Perception of the buyer of value. Competition from other brands such as levis my affect the way Diesel price their items. As you can see from the section price in comparison to competitors most of Levis garments are cheaper than Diesels. Place Definition of Place * Decisions about where to sell the product * Or concerns about where the customers are, and how to get to them * Also includes the â€Å"channel of distribution† – meaning, all the different middlemen you use to get the product out to the customer Channels of distribution Indirect and direct Number 1 is a direct channel of distribution as the product would be going straight from the manufacture to the consumer. 2,3 and 4 are all indirect. Ever since the beginning, Renzo Rosso believed in addressing the world with one product and one language, and one of his first steps was building a solid and vast distribution platform stretching across all 5 continents. Most of Diesel’s current production is outsourced, to small and medium-sized companies. Production of denim jeans is based exclusively in Italy. All international logistics operations (wholesale and retail) are centrally managed and carefully controlled. Intermediaries Often Diesel would work with different intermediaries for example they would use agents to help when sourcing different suppliers and advertising also Diesel might use overseas offices. However these can be very expensive to the company so Diesel would also look at new lower risk methods of market entry. Physical distribution Diesels approach to distribution can be seen as a mix of exclusive and selective distribution over intensive distribution. Exclusive distribution involves limiting distribution to single outlets such as the Diesel flagship stores. Selective distribution involves using a small number of retail outlets and partners to maintain the quality of presentation and communication to the customer. Intensive distribution, on the other hand, is commonly used to distribute low price or impulse goods such as sweets. When distributing their goods Diesel would have to think about warehousing, transport, packaging, Stock / inventory levels and customer service. Promotion Definition of promotion The publicisation of a product, organization, or venture so as to increase sales or public awareness it refers to the different promotional options available to the marketer such as: Brand advertising Co-operative advertising Corporate advertising Steps in the marketing communication process 1. Identification of target audience 2. Determine of communication objectives 3. Design of message 4. Selection of communication channel 5. Setting and allocation of communication budget 6. Selection of promotional mix Evaluation of results Identification of target customer * Stylistic men and women: ages of 20-35 years * Independent entrepreneur or innovator who follows their own unique path in life * This eccentric man or women is largely unaffected by fashion fads and spends a significant amount of money on quality fashion- forward clothing Communication objectives * Quality * Edgy * Unique * Eccentric Design of message Diesel Advertisements are always Edgy, stylish and sometimes controversial, they continually develop searing hot ad campaigns and innovative editorials. They have recently started a new campaign called â€Å"be stupid† The tagline ‘Be Stupid’ declares Diesel’s new philosophy that it’s way more interesting to be stupid and gave fun than be smart and live a boring life. It encourages people to take risks and move beyond the smart and sensible track for life. The campaign, developed at global advertising agency Anomaly, includes online, press and outdoor advertisements featuring â€Å"stupid† acts, a digital recruitment campaign for the Diesel music video/2010 catalogue, and viral  activity outlining the company’s Stupid philosophy. Diesel Stupid Philosophy Like balloons, we are filled with hopes and dreams. But. Over time a single sentence creeps into our lives. Don’t be stupid. It’s the crusher of possibility. It’s the world’s greatest deflator. The world is full of smart people. Doing all kind of smart things†¦ That’s smart. Well, we’re with stupid. Stupid is the relentless pursuit of a regret free life. Smart may have the brains†¦ but stupid has the balls. The smart might recognize things for how they are. The stupid see things for how they could be. Smart critiques. Stupid creates. The fact is if we didn’t have stupid thoughts we have no interesting thoughts at all. Smart may have the plans†¦ but stupid has the stories. Smart may have the authority but stupid has one hell of a hangover. It’s not smart to take risks†¦ It’s stupid. To be stupid is to be brave. The stupid isn’t afraid to fail. The stupid know there are worse things than failure†¦ like not even trying. Smart had one good idea, and that idea was stupid. You can’t outsmart stupid. So don’t even try. Remember only stupid can be truly brilliant. So, BE STUPID www.diesel.com Selection of communication channel Diesel would Use non-personal channels including Mass Media = national press, radio, TV, etc and Local Media = local press, trade or specialist publications. Setting and allocation of communication budget Three basic choices here: The affordable approach After the firm has paid its expenses then decide what you can afford The objective and task approach Determine what needs to be done (objectives) and allocate resources appropriately The percentage-of-sales method From January to September 2008, Diesel spent $5.8 million on U.S. advertising, according to TNS Media Intelligence You spend a percentage of your annual sales on communications I think Diesel would use the â€Å"The Objective and task approach† as their communication channel of choice. Selection of promotional mix This refers to the different promotional options available to the marketer, There are five elements in the Promotional Mix: * Advertising, * sales promotions, * personal selling, * public relations * sponsorship All elements of Diesel’s promotion aim to engage the customer with the lifestyle. If they like the lifestyle, they might like the products. For example, the Diesel team saw music as an inseparable part of that lifestyle and realised that exploring new music and new artists was all part of trying something different and experimenting with the unusual. 10 years later, Diesel:U:Music is a global music support collaborative, giving unsigned bands a place where they can be heard and an opportunity to have their talent recognized. It’s not about selling, it’s about giving people something they will enjoy and interact with. Diesel were the first brand to advertise their clothes through video games, normally they would Promote products mainly online, www.diesel.com and in high-end magazines such as: Elle Vogue Diesel also advertise through billboards which catch a lot of attention OTHER WAYS OF ADVERTISING ARE THROUGH MAGAZINES ADS SUCH AS BAZAAR Celebrity endorsement and sponsorship L’Oreal and Diesel launched Fuel for Life (for him and for her) in the fall of 2007. A mini-collection for Adidas was launched in 2008 called Adidas Originals Denim by Diesel. The underwear license is held by the US company Mast Industries Inc.,who also make lingerie for Victoria’s Secret. A new collaboration with AGV has seen the launch of a Helmet. Recently Diesel Home, thanks to collaborations with Moroso and Foscarini has been launched in the market. The Diesel company has acquired stakes in the brands Viktor & Rolf, Maison Martin Margiela and DSquared2. In recent years, the company has driven its attention to endorsing young creativity by sponsoring several projects such as the Diesel-U-Music Contest. Diesel has been the founding partner of International Talent Support in its various forms. Diesel has also offered sponsorship and creative contribution to the 2006 edition of Vienna’s Life Ball AIDS charity, as well as the Sundance Film Festival. In December 2008, Diesel announced a marketing partnership with Sony Computer Entertainment Europe, to sell their designs in Sony’s virtual world, Playstation Home with the majority of the proceeds going to the OTBF Only The Brave Foundation (Diesel’s charitable arm). Conclusion Here are some of the main points learned from researching the marketing mix for Diesel Brand: * By addressing the 4Ps of the marketing mix Diesel has been able to establish a new product range, choose the most effective approach to price, place it so that it is easily accessible and promote the range to customers. * Diesel is a global household name for premium clothing but it all started from one man wanting to do something unusual, something ‘stupid’. This has created a lifestyle – a whole new way to see a  brand. * By comprising an area on price in comparison I have found that other well known brands are offering the same quality jeans at cheaper prices * By looking at th Diesel brand product life cycle, it was hard to find a product of theres that did not work, and was in thee decline stage of the cycle. * Diesel have been very successful in their collaborations with loreal and also Adidas * There continues to be huge interest in the diesel brand and it doesn’t loke like that would change anytime soon. Recommendations Diesel seem to be doing a lot right with the company as you can see with the continuing profits in their sales, however I could still recommend a few points: * Diesel could look at lowering their prices a small fraction as there is a lot of competition out there from the likes of Levis, Seven for all mankind, Tommy Hilfiger etc. * They could look at different ways of distribution to lower costs * They could do more collaboration with other big name brands because they have worked well in the past. * Diesel could also look into choosing different communication channels again to lower costs in advertising especially as From January to September 2008, Diesel spent $5.8 million on U.S. advertising, according to TNS Media Intelligence Bibliography www.diesel.com www.wikipedia.com www.thetimes.co.uk http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/diesel/live-breathe-and-wear-passion/conclusion.html www.thetimes100.co.uk/downloads/_15_summary.pdf www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/news/54124/ www.freewebs.com/busecon/_15_full.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_(brand) aesessex.regulus.titaninternet.co.uk/†¦/KS4_Applied_Diesel_marketin www.peachtreeridge.org/pages/ybell/_15_lp14.pd www.managementparadise.com class notes

Language of Robinson Crusoe Essay

Daniel Dafoe’s popular novel, originally titled The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an uninhabited Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With an Account how he was at last as strangely deliver’d by Pyrates (iii), like most classics underwent many editions through the years. However nothing but the first edition, which is the basis of this essay, can give us the look and feel of the time as intended to be shown by the author. Early Modern English According to Volume 14 of The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes, Early Modern English period marked the expansion of the use of the English language outside England. But since English was spread at various times it has been subjected to different influences and additional variations caused by attempts at etymological spelling (Ward et al ch 15 sec 3 par 1). These were evident in the novel in two aspects of language: grammar and vocabulary (Ward et al ch 15 sec 1 par 1-2). Among the inflectional changes during the early modern English was the dropping of the weak vowel in verbs ending in –ed (Ward et al. ch 15 sec 4 par. 7). Examples of these manifested not only in the title (the word deliver’d) but within the text itself such as call’d, fill’d, encreas’d, and fatigu’d. Spelling also appeared to be phonetically defective (Ward et al. ch 15 sec 3 par. 1) with words like perswasions, lyon, lye, and prophetick. Compounding of words were also used in the novel by examples of free-school, hand-maids, ground-tackle and fellow-slave. However, the change in the verbs as well as the defects in spelling was not applied to the entire novel which makes us consider the reasons for such use. Towards a Purity in Style Daniel Defoe, in his book An Essay upon Projects, emphasized that it was the responsibility of the society to polish and refine the English tongue and to purge it from all the irregular additions that ignorance and affectation have introduced as befitted the noblest and most comprehensive of all the vulgar languages in the world (8). The spread of the English language was depicted in the novel when Robinson Crusoe teaches his servant Friday the English language. We may notice from an excerpt of their discourse below that although essentially Crusoe and Friday came to communicate effectively with each other, Friday’s English differs much from Crusoe’s parallel to their difference in status and origin: Friday, My Nation beat much, for all that. Master, How beat; if your Nation beat them, how come you to be taken? Friday, They more many than my Nation in the Place where me was; they take one, two, three, and me; my Nation over beat them in the yonder Place, where me no was; there my Nation take one, two, great Thousand. Master, But why did not your Side recover you from the Hands of your Enemies then? Friday, They run one, two, three, and me, and make go in the Canoe; my Nation have no Canoe that time. (Defoe, â€Å"Robinson Crusoe† 254) Much is the same circumstance that brought about the variations and additions to the English language in which Defoe is clamoring for purity (â€Å"An Essay upon Projects† 8). Shoar and Shore. Aside from the defective spelling mentioned earlier is the variation in the spelling (Ward et al. ch 15 sec 3 par. 1). An example if this is the word shore, spelled shore and shoar, in different context of the novel. It may be noted that shoar was only used in the part of Robinson Crusoe’s mishaps. That is to say, from the part of his captivity at Sallee until before his wreck on the island. These mishaps, Crusoe later reflected on, were results of his ignorance in the Providence of God and malcontent thus the use of the spelling shoar. While his solitary life in the island described the learning process he underwent to survive and finally live harmoniously with his surroundings; hence the renewed use of the spelling shore. In this regard, one may interpret that the use of the word was intentional to show the need and difficulty in creating a standard for the English language. viz. and (viz.). The use of foreign language in novels is quite common throughout the ages. As such, we came to attention on the use of the Latin word viz. Oxford English Dictionary defines viz. as the abbreviation of videlicet which generally means namely or that is to say (1033). Although Defoe used viz. without parenthesis and viz. in parenthesis based on the same definition, its participation in the statement are quite different. The viz. without parenthesis was used in identifying and qualifying statements such as the â€Å"All the rest of that Day I spent in afflicting my self at the dismal Circumstances I was brought to, viz. I had neither Food, House, Clothes, Weapon, or Place to fly to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"Robinson Crusoe† 82). On the other hand, viz. in parenthesis, which appeared in lines like â€Å"This was what I wish’d for; so I took them up, and serv’d them as we serve notorious Thieves in England, (viz.) Hang’d them in Chains for a Terror to others†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"Robinson Crusoe† 138), was used as such in order to explain earlier statement. The use of parenthesis to differentiate the use of the same word in the novel further reflects Defoe’s quest for refinement of the English language as mentioned previously. Conclusion Indeed, regardless of the plot of the story which categorized it to fiction, the culture and language of the time is unmistakable. Robinson Crusoe, in its original version, allows us the indulgence to peek and appreciate not only the early modern English language but the period as well. The flexibility of the language then reflected the society of that time as it has always been for any period or era. At the same time, the novel provided additional venue for the author to disseminate his ideas and further his individual attempt towards the transition to the modern English language and insertions to the importance of learning across the spectrum of the society. Such power language has to influence its readers, whether consciously or unconsciously. And the duality that the novel showed made it a favorite among children and adults alike. Fulfilling its objectives to entertain and propagate (however subtle it may be). Works Cited Defoe, Daniel. An Essay Upon Projects. New York: Adamant Media Corporation, 2005. Print. —. The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an uninhabited Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With an Account how he was at last as strangely deliver’d by Pyrates. London: printed for W. Taylor, 1719. Print. Oxford English Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. Print. Ward, Aldolphus William, Sir, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907-21; New York: Bartleby.com, 2000 (Web) April 1, 2009.